South Dakota HOA Rules: CC&Rs & SDCL §43-15A

South Dakota has no comprehensive HOA or planned-community statute. A widespread misconception holds that a "South Dakota Planned Community Act, SDCL §43-15B" governs HOAs — but SDCL Chapter 43-15B is actually the Time-Share Estates chapter. For non-condominium HOAs, the controlling law is your recorded CC&Rs (enforced as a contract) plus, for incorporated HOAs, the Nonprofit Corporation Act.

Your CC&Rs (the controlling document)

For planned-community HOAs, the declaration, bylaws, and board-adopted rules are the primary source of rights and obligations:

• Define what is a violation and the enforcement procedure
• Set any notice, cure period, and hearing rights you have
• Establish the fine schedule and lien authority
• Are enforced as a contract under South Dakota law

Condominium Act (SDCL §43-15A)

South Dakota's condominium statute (SDCL §43-15A-1 et seq.) governs condominium associations separately:

• Creation and ownership of condominiums
• Association governance and assessments
• Assessment liens and enforcement
• Insurance, amendments, and common elements

Nonprofit Corporation Act (SDCL §47-22 to §47-28)

Most HOAs are incorporated as nonprofit corporations, making this act the source of several member rights:

• Member rights including meetings, voting, and record inspection
• Director duties and fiduciary obligations
• Corporate governance standards

In South Dakota, most of your rights come from your CC&Rs rather than a statute. The key is knowing which rights are statutory (and can't be written away) and which are contractual (and depend on what your documents say).

Record Access Rights (incorporated HOAs)

If your HOA is a nonprofit corporation, the Nonprofit Corporation Act (SDCL §47-22 to §47-28) gives members the right to inspect:

• Financial records — Budgets, financial statements, and bank records
• Meeting minutes — Board and membership meeting minutes
• Governing documents — Declaration, bylaws, and rules
• Membership records — Names and addresses of owners
• Requests should be made in writing with reasonable specificity

Meeting and Voting Rights

• Annual meeting — Generally required by the bylaws (and the Nonprofit Corporation Act for incorporated HOAs)
• Notice of meetings — Advance notice per the governing documents
• Right to vote — On elections, amendments, and special assessments as the documents provide
• Proxy voting — Generally allowed unless the bylaws prohibit it

Enforcement Procedure Rights (from your CC&Rs)

South Dakota does not impose statutory pre-fine procedures, so check whether your documents grant them:

• Notice — Written notice of the alleged violation, if your documents require it
• Cure period — Time to fix the violation, if provided
• Hearing — A chance to be heard, if your declaration or bylaws provide one
• Authorization — A fine must be authorized by the declaration or bylaws

Property Rights and Covenant Interpretation

• Plain-meaning interpretation — South Dakota applies ordinary contract-construction rules, and an unambiguous covenant's meaning "must be determined from the four corners of the instrument" (Wilson v. Maynard, 2021 S.D. 37), so a board cannot stretch a provision past what it actually says
• Ambiguity favors the owner — Unclear provisions are resolved in favor of the property owner
• Changed conditions — If circumstances have changed so a restriction no longer serves its purpose, enforcement may be denied

South Dakota HOA boards operate under their governing documents plus general fiduciary and contract principles, rather than a comprehensive HOA statute. Knowing the difference helps you identify when a board is overstepping.

Core Obligations

• Follow the CC&Rs and bylaws — The board's authority comes from, and is limited by, the governing documents. Acting beyond them is challengeable.
• Honor any notice, cure, and hearing steps the documents require — These are contractual promises the board must keep.
• Maintain records and provide member access — For incorporated HOAs, under the Nonprofit Corporation Act
• Enforce restrictions consistently — Selective enforcement can waive a restriction or breach the duty of good faith

Fiduciary Duties (Common Law) — and a Statutory Shield to Know

• Duty of care, loyalty, and good faith — Directors owe the association common-law fiduciary duties: honest, even-handed dealing in the association's interest, not personal interests
• But know the immunity — SDCL 47-23-2.1 shields unpaid volunteer directors from personal liability for judgment calls unless "willful or wanton misconduct" is shown — so aim accountability efforts at the association, elections, and the documents rather than directors' wallets

What the Board CANNOT Do

• Cannot impose fines the CC&Rs don't authorize
• Cannot skip steps its own documents require
• Cannot selectively enforce rules
• Cannot deny record access (for incorporated HOAs)
• Cannot self-deal without disclosure
• Cannot discriminate in enforcement (federal and state Fair Housing law)
• Cannot retaliate against homeowners exercising legal rights

In South Dakota, where the CC&Rs function as the primary HOA law, the amendment process matters enormously. If your declaration contains an unreasonable restriction or your bylaws need reform, the amendment process is your route.

Who Has Amendment Authority?

• Members, not the board alone — Declaration amendments require member approval, typically by supermajority
• Supermajority thresholds — Most South Dakota declarations require 67% or 75% of member votes to amend
• Bylaw amendments often require less — Frequently a simple majority, but verify in your bylaws
• Rules and regulations — The board can typically adopt or change these without a member vote

Calling a Special Meeting

Under the Nonprofit Corporation Act (SDCL §47-22 to §47-28), members of an incorporated HOA generally retain the right to call special meetings:

• Petition threshold — The statutory default is one-twentieth (5%) of the votes entitled to be cast (SDCL 47-23-5); your bylaws may fix a different number
• Written demand — Submit a written petition with the proposed agenda
• Board duty to call — The board generally must hold the meeting within a reasonable period after the demand
• Notice to members — All members must receive advance notice with the proposed action

Practical Strategy: Long-Term Reform

If your community has recurring enforcement problems, the durable answer is often reform from within. Steps:

1. Identify the problematic provisions in the declaration, bylaws, or rules
2. Draft proposed amendments with help from a South Dakota real estate attorney
3. Build coalition support — Required because supermajority approval is needed
4. Request the membership roster for outreach (for incorporated HOAs: SDCL 47-24-1 member list; inspection right under SDCL 47-24-2, "for any proper purpose at any reasonable time")
5. Run candidates for the board — Often complementary to amendment efforts

Because South Dakota relies so heavily on CC&Rs and common law, understanding how its courts think about HOA disputes is as important as knowing the statutes. Several doctrines repeatedly favor homeowners.

How South Dakota Courts Read Restrictions — An Important Nuance

South Dakota does not apply strict construction: in Wilson v. Maynard, 2021 S.D. 37, the South Dakota Supreme Court expressly declined to strictly construe covenants, applying "normal rules of contract construction" instead — when a covenant is unambiguous, "its meaning must be determined from the four corners of the instrument." What still works for homeowners:

• The board cannot expand a restriction beyond its plain language — conduct outside the four corners is not a violation
• Subjective standards ("unsightly," "objectionable") are vulnerable as too vague to enforce uniformly
• Widespread, unpunished violations can render a covenant unenforceable — the South Dakota Supreme Court held exactly that in Hood v. Straatmeyer (2025), a homeowner-favorable selective-enforcement ruling
• Do not argue "strict construction" in writing — the HOA's lawyer can rebut it with one cite to Wilson

Implied Covenant of Good Faith (Common Law)

South Dakota recognizes an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in contracts, including declarations. Applied to HOAs:

• Selective enforcement breaches the covenant of good faith
• Retaliation for exercising legal rights breaches good faith
• Arbitrary application of rules breaches good faith
• Bad-faith assessments imposed without proper basis breach good faith

Equitable Estoppel, Waiver, and Laches

These doctrines protect homeowners against unfair surprise enforcement in South Dakota:

• Estoppel — If the HOA allowed similar conduct previously, it may be barred from enforcing now
• Waiver — Sustained non-enforcement waives the right to enforce a specific restriction
• Laches — Unreasonable enforcement delay, combined with prejudice to the homeowner, defeats enforcement

Business Judgment Rule — and Its Limits

Boards can claim business judgment protection for good-faith decisions. But the rule has clear limits:

• Decisions must be informed (the board must have considered the facts)
• Decisions must be in good faith (not motivated by personal animus)
• Decisions must be within the board's authority under the CC&Rs
• Departing from the procedures the governing documents require defeats business judgment protection